These patterns are found only in the later works of Sanskrit by Kalidasa (4th century CE). The epic mentions evenings, especially in the spring season, as the prime time that exacerbates the feelings of longing in those who are separated. Silappatikaram does not use the convention of regarding the land divisions becoming part of description of life among various communities of hero and heroine. Silappatikaram used akaval meter (monologue), a style adopted from Sangam literature. These authors, perhaps influenced by their monastic faiths, wrote books based on moralistic values to illustrate the futility of secular pleasures. Ilango Adigal, the author of Silappatikaram, probably lived in this period and was one of the vast number of Jain and Buddhist authors in Tamil poetry. These new kings and others encouraged the religions of Buddhism and Jainism.
The older order of the three Tamil dynasties was replaced by the invasion of the Kalabhras.
At the end of the Sangam epoch (second – third centuries CE), the Tamil country was in political confusion.
